The neuroendocrinology of stress and the
pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety
by
Strohle A.
Max-Planck-Institut fur Psychiatrie,Munchen.USA
Nervenarzt 2003 Mar;74(3):279-92

ABSTRACT

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described.We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment.Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested.Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks.Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders.Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF.This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder.We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment.Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors.Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder.Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.

CRF
LHPA
Stress
Cytokines
Antalarmin
Ketoconazole
Noradrenaline
Corticosteroids
Cushing's syndrome
New antidepressants
Glucocorticoids and mood
Hippocampal remodelling
Neuroendocrinology of stress
Hormones, the brain and stress
HPA axis, serotonin and suicide
Depression, opioids and the HPA
Antidepressants and new brain cells
Are antidepressants neuroprotective?
The corticosteroid hypothesis of depression
Stress, dynorphin, dysphoria and the kappa opioid system

Refs
and further reading

HOME
HedWeb
Nootropics
cocaine.wiki
Future Opioids
BLTC Research
MDMA/Ecstasy
Superhapiness?
Utopian Surgery?
The Abolitionist Project
The Hedonistic Imperative
The Reproductive Revolution
Critique of Huxley's Brave New World

The Good Drug Guide
The Responsible Parent's Guide
To Healthy Mood Boosters For All The Family