Genetic variation in MAOA modulates ventromedial prefrontal circuitry mediating individual differences in human personality
by
J W Buckholtz1,2, J H Callicott1,2, B Kolachana2, A R Hariri2,4, T E Goldberg2,5, M Genderson2, M F Egan2,6, V S Mattay1,2, D R Weinberger2 and A Meyer-Lindenberg1,2,3 1Neuroimaging Core Facility, National Institute for Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 2Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 3Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA Correspondence: Dr A Meyer-Lindenberg, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 10-3C103, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1365, USA. E-mail andreasml@nih.gov 4Current address: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, E-729, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. 5Current address: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. 6Current address: Merck & Co Inc., BL2-6, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
Molecular Psychiatry (2008) 13, 313–324; doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002020; published online 22 May 2007

ABSTRACT

Little is known about neural mechanisms underlying human personality and temperament, despite their considerable importance as highly heritable risk mediators for somatic and psychiatric disorders. To identify these circuits, we used a combined genetic and imaging approach focused on Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA), encoding a key enzyme for monoamine metabolism previously associated with temperament and antisocial behavior. Male carriers of a low-expressing genetic variant exhibited dysregulated amygdala activation and increased functional coupling with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Stronger coupling predicted increased harm avoidance and decreased reward dependence scores, suggesting that this circuitry mediates a part of the association of MAOA with these traits. We utilized path analysis to parse the effective connectivity within this system, and provide evidence that vmPFC regulates amygdala indirectly by influencing rostral cingulate cortex function. Our data implicate a neural circuit for variation in human personality under genetic control, provide an anatomically consistent mechanism for vmPFC–amygdala interactions underlying this variation, and suggest a role for vmPFC as a superordinate regulatory area for emotional arousal and social behavior.

MAO
RIMAs
MAOIs
MAO(B)
Reward
TV3326
Pargyline
Selegiline
Rasagiline
Phenelzine
Safinamide
Befloxatone
Brofaromine
Moclobemide
Isocarboxazid
Tranylcypromine
The Warrior Gene
Atypical depression
Drugs for depression
MAOIs plus stimulants
MAO, emotion and stress
Tobacco smoke and MAO inhibition

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