A factor analysis of the signs
and symptoms of mania
by
Cassidy F, Forest K, Murry E, Carroll BJ
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, NC, USA.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998 Jan; 55(1):27-32

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: No adequate factor analyses of signs and symptoms of mania have been reported. From limited past reports, the view has arisen that 2 main symptom clusters (euphoric-grandiose and paranoid-destructive) occur in patients with mania, along with so-called core symptoms of psychomotor pressure. In this view, dysphoric mania is associated with paranoid-destructive symptoms and with psychosis. METHODS: We rated 237 patients with DSM-III-R-defined bipolar disorder, manic (n = 204) or mixed (n = 33), on 15 classic features of mania and 5 features related to dysphoric mood. Principal components factor analysis was applied to the ratings. RESULTS: Five clearly interpretable and clinically relevant factors were identified. The first and strongest factor represented dysphoria in mania, with strong positive loadings for depressed mood, lability, guilt, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors and a strong negative loading for euphoric mood. Factors 2 through 5 represented psychomotor acceleration, psychosis, increased hedonic function, and irritable aggression, respectively. The distribution of weighted scores on factor 1 was bimodal, whereas the corresponding distributions of factors 2 through 5 were unimodal. Contrary to all past reports, no general factor denoting overall severity of mania was found. Factors previously proposed by Beigel and Murphy were not confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Five independent factors representing dysphoric mood, psychomotor pressure, psychosis, increased hedonic function, and irritable aggression were identified. The conventional view of symptom factors in mania was not confirmed. Dysphoric features are statistically salient in patients with mania, and the bimodal distribution of the dysphoria factor is consistent with the possibility that mixed bipolar disorder is a distinct state.

Lithium
Bipolar II
Valproate
Clozapine
Gabapentin
Lamotrigine
Chronic mania
Unipolar mania
Bipolar disorders
Drugs for bipolars
Lithium prophylaxis
The manic spectrum
Dysphoric hypomania
Different types of mania
Schizoaffective disorder
The many faces of mania
Mania: lithium versus divaplroex
Dysthymia, hyperthymia and cyclothymia
Mania and emotional intensity / hyper-reactivity

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