The neuropsychopharmacology of
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
by
Pliszka SR.
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
Department of Psychiatry,
University of Texas Health Science Center,
San Antonio, Texas 78284-7792, USA.
pliszka@uthscsa.edu
Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):237-48

ABSTRACT

More than three decades of research has attempted to elucidate the neuropsychopharmacology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Stimulants, a principle treatment for the disorder, act on the norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) systems; this has led to a long-standing hypothesis of catecholamine dysfunction in ADHD. Animal studies show a clear role for NE and DA in the modulation of executive functions, which are often disturbed in persons with ADHD. Nonstimulant agents that are effective in the treatment of ADHD tend to affect the NE system, whereas those affecting only DA, or those that affect neither catecholamine, are less potent in reducing ADHD symptoms. Studies of the effects of NE and DA peripheral metabolites by ADHD pharmacotherapies show acute increases in levels of these catecholamines; however, their long-term turnover may be reduced. Imaging studies suggest stimulants increases DA levels in the brain, whereas some animal models of ADHD are more consistent with excessive DA activation in the disorder. Ultimately, ADHD therapy may modify activity in the NE and DA systems to a more optimal level, thus improving responses to environmental stimuli and enhancing working memory and executive function.

ADHD
Adderall
Pemoline
Selegiline
The Ritalin Kid
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate SR
'Animal models' of ADHD
Adult attention-deficit disorder
Ritalin, Adderall and Strattera for ADHD

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